| Blueprint ID | Learning Objectives |
| 7116 | Describe the path of blood flow through the kidney from the main renal artery through to the vasa recta and understand the arrangement of the vasculature before and after the glomerulus. |
| 7117 | Identify the various parts of the nephron from the Bowman capsule to the end of the collecting ducts. |
| 7118 | locate the two types of nephrons that are present in the kidney and the importance of juxtamedullary nephrons with respect to solute and H2O uptake as well as establishing the medullary osmotic gradient. |
| 7119 | describe how glomerular filtration is controlled and measured and the importance of tubuloglomerular feedback in this process. |
| 7120 | explain the mechanisms controlling renin release and angiotensin II formation as well as the physiological effects of angiotensin II and its impact on renal function. |
| 7121 | describe how aldosterone is controlled. Where it acts in the tubular system and how it functions to control Na+ uptake from the urine and K+ balance in the body. |
| 7122 | describe the different permeability characteristics of the renal tubule and collecting ducts to H2O and solutes. The control of antidiuretic hormone and its mechanism of action in the collecting ducts. |
| 7123 | identify and understand the various epithelial mechanisms that are utilized to remove electrolytes, glucose, amino acids and H2O from the urine within the different regions of the tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron. |
| 7124 | describe the sequential regions of the nephron that utilize iso-osmotic uptake, and the selective removal of H2O or electrolytes from the urine. Be able to use these mechanisms to explain how water and solutes are progressively removed from the urine and how the urine is concentrated as it passes through the nephron. |
| 7125 | describe blood buffering, renal and respiratory mechanisms involved in controlling blood pH. |
| 7126 | Estimate blood pH using blood Henderson-Hasselbach equation using blood levels CO2 (pCO2) and HCO3 |
| 7127 | identify the presence of respiratory and metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and be capable of ascertaining whether pH compensation is present based on blood PCO2, HCO3- and pH levels. |
| 7128 | explain the mechanisms promoting H+ excretion and HCO3- recovery in the proximal tubule as well as in the distal convolute tubule and proximal collecting ducts. Be capable of explaining how blood acidosis is compensated by renal HCO3 recovery and H+ secretion. |
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