Normal anatomical Position:

Standing erect, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forwards

Planes:

Median: divides the body into two equal halves (right and left)
Sagittal: parallel to median
Coronal: right angle to median, dividing the body into front and back portions
Horizontal/Transverse: at right angles to median, sagittal and coronal dividing body into upper and lower portions

Sections (body or parts) -  irrespective of position

Longitudinal – along length
Vertical – from vertex/head/crown
Transverse - along width
Oblique – at an angle

Relationship (body in anatomical position)

Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Superior (cephalic)
Inferior (caudal)
Medial – closer to median (e.g. little finger)
Lateral – further away from median (e.g. little toe)

Terms of Comparison

Proximal – nearer point of attachment
Distal – further away form the attachment point

(These terms are generally used in extremities)

Superficial – nearer the surface
Deep -

External - outer part/surface

Internal/Interior – inner part/ on the inside

Ipsilateral – same side
Contralateral – opposite side

Terms of Movement

Flexion - decrease in angle/bending/fetal position

Extension – opposite of flexion, straightening

Abduction - Arm Abducted Abduction – moving away from point of reference - Arm Abducted

Fingers Abducted Fingers Abducted – middle finger is the reference point (movements of thumb are at right angles to fingers, here thumb is extended

Index Finger Abducted

Opposition - moving thumb to any of the fingers as in pinching

Protract – push forward, Retract – pull back

Depress – lower as in opening mouth

Elevate - raise (as in shrugging shoulders)

Inversion – turn foot so that sole faces in, movement at subtalar joint

Neutral

Eversion – sole of the foot is turned outwards

Plantarflexion – foot turned so that sole/toes point towards ground (corresponds to flexion of hand) (movement at ankle joint)

Dorsiflexion – foot towards leg, close pack position – maximal congruence of bones (corresponds to extension of  hand/wrist)

Supination – palm faces forwards/up (movement at radioulnar joints, radius moves and spirals ulna)

Pronation – palm faces down/backwards (opposite of supination

Some Commonly Used Words

Axilla - armpit
Brachium – arm (between shoulder and elbow)
Antibrachium – forearm (between elbow and wrist)
Cubitus - elbow
Mammary Gland – gland in breast (mamma = breast)
Pecten – comb (Latin

Lumbar – loin (between ribs and pelvis)
Inguen/Inguinal – relating to groin
Carpus – wrist/carpal bones
Manus – hand
Palmar – pertaining to palm (between wrist and fingers)
Pollex – thumb
Index – index finger/pointing finger
Little/Minimus - smallest

Natis – buttock
Poples – popliteal – related to back of knee
Perone – skewer – fibula
Thigh – between hip and knee
Knee joint – largest joint, between femur and tibial condyles and femur and patella
Leg – between knee and ankle

Nares – nostrils – anterior opening on either side of nasal septum
Os/Ora – mouth
Labium – lip

Buccal – pertaining to cheek
Nucha – nape – back of neck
Parietes – body wall

Cranium – skull without mandible
Mentis - chin
Hyoid – u or v shaped bone (not attached to any other bone)
Occiput – back of head
Sternum – breast bone
Clavicle – key – collar bone

Location A? Where is it? – dorsal surface of foot

What would you call an artery at location A? Answer... Dorsalis pedis

Osteology: structure of bones

Skeleton that gives form to the body is made up of bone and cartilage (specialised connective tissue). Bone is stronger than reinforced concrete.
 
Regional – from one region e.g. thorax
 
Axial – skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs (primary)

Appendicular – of limbs

Shape:
Long – in limbs, have medullary cavity e.g. metacarpals, phalanges
Short – e.g. carpals and tarsals
Flat – skull bones, scapulae
Sesamoid – contained within tendon of muscles e.g. patella
Accessary – additional e.g sutural bones (generally in lambdoid sututre)
Irregular – not the above e.g. vertebrae

Elevations:

Tubercle/tuberosity – small bump on humerus (trochanter – large bump on femur)
External occipital protuberance – on outside of occipital bone
Spinous process - thorn like short projection
Crest/Ridge - e.g. iliac crest

Depressions

Fossa – trench or ditch, depression e.g. infraspinous fossa
Sulcus – any long groove or furrow e.g.intertubercular sulcus
Notch – an indentation
Foramen – an aperture/hole/perforation in bone or membrane e.g.f.magnum
Canal – a tube/duct/channel (both ends open)
Meatus – a tube with one end closed e.g. external auditory meatus

Joints – Classification based on substance uniting two or more bones

Fibrous e.g. sutures, tibiofibular joint
Cartilagenous e.g. intervertebral
Synovial – commonest, most mobile e.g. shoulder joint

Scapula

Costal Surface – coracoid (crooked finger) process, superior, lateral and medial borders

Dorsal Surface – spinous process and its lateral flattened part acromion, supra and infra spinous fossa

Lateral Aspect – glenoid cavity/fossa for articulating with the humeral head

Humerus

Proximal (anterior) – head, tubercles and intertubercular groove

Distal (anterior) – trochlea (pulley) is medial and articulates with ulna, capitulum is lateral condyle joins with radius, medial condyle is larger and palpable

Distal (posterior) – olecranon fossa for similar named process of ulna

Radius and Ulna

Olecranon process of ulna and head of radius, styloid process of radius and ulna

What would you call a membrane connecting the two bones?

(Answer on next image – interosseous membrane)

Hand

Phalanges – 3 in each finger but 2 in thumb

Metacarpals – 5 in region of palm (knuckles formed by their heads)

Carpals – 8 bones arranged in two rows

Hipbone (lateral aspect)

Formed by ilium, ischium and pubis

Sit on ischial tuberosity

All 3 take part in formation of acetabulum

ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine is palpable

Hipbone (medial aspect)

Obturator foramen is covered by a membrane

Iliac fossa is filled by iliacus muscle

Greater sciatic notch is formed by ilium and ischium

Pelvis

Bony pelvis formed by two hip bones and sacrum

Pelvis means basin

Bottom formed by pelvic diaphragm

Femur

Largest bone,

Distal

Femur (proximal part)

Head fits in acetabulum to form hip joint

Neck often fractured in elderly

Two large projections are trochanters

Medial condyle is larger than lateral

At end of condyle is epicondyle

Tibia and Fibula

Correspond to radius and ulna

Connected by interosseous membrane

Distal ends form bumps of ankles – malleoli

Tibia and fibula – proximal part

Tibial tuberosity gives attachment to quadriceps tendon

Tibia and fibula (distal)

Note grooves for articulation with talus

Vertebrae 1

Cervical – 7, small body

Thoracic – 12, ribs attached here

Vertebrae 2

Lumbar -5, large body for weight bearing

Sacral – 5, fused by 20-25 years

Sacrum

Sacral foramina are for nerves and blood vessels

(correspond to intervertebral foramina)

Sternum

Manubrium joins with body at sternal angle (vertebral level T4)

Ribs

12 pairs of ribs attached to thoracic vertebrae

1-7 articulate with sternum in front – true ribs

8-10 articulate with cartilage of preceding rib – false ribs

11 – 12 anterior ends are free – floating ribs